Nearly all Americans live in congressional districts that rarely switch parties, making for boring elections and entrenched politicians who see little need to explore new solutions to their districts' problems. Since redistricting is usually done by partisans in state legislatures to give the majority party the best possible chance of winning (think Texas in 2002) the obvious solution would be to take redistricting powers away from partisans and vest it in the hands of appointed committees that have nothing at stake. Sound good? Maybe not, writes Eli Rosenbaum:
"So why don't independent commissions work? One big reason is that, as the current commissions demonstrate, equal representation on the panel for both parties tends to favor the status quo. The commission is indeed bipartisan, not nonpartisan, and each party's delegates on the panel are closely connected to their state parties and politicians. To avoid gridlock and approve a plan, commissioners must draw a map that is pleasing to both sides, and of course nobody on either side really wants a competitive district. Political scientists even have a name for this type of redistricting scheme: bipartisan gerrymandering."
After all, why would legislatures give up power if they thought it might be used to make their lives harder? This only goes to prove that the law of unintended consequences has its limits; namely, that political actors who make policies that seem to be against their interests expect those policies to diverge from their stated goals.
Pardon me for my turn of the last century belief that social science and statistics can help bring about better outcomes from government, but in this case, it may work out. Why not create a formula (by legislation or a blue-ribbon commission) that uses GIS to draw districts based upon a weighted system taking into account the sorts of factors we want congressional districts to be based upon? For example, we could say that we want to keep things like subdivisions and school districts intact while seeking uniformity in commuting patterns. The problem is that such formulas are just as open to manipulation as the members of redistricting boards.
In the end, it comes down to a problem of TMI: politicians simply have too much information from the Census and private databases that they can use software to analyze. Since having more and more variables means better prediction and easier pinpointing of small blocs that can be shaved off or tacked on to districts to create "favorable" outcomes, no system controlled by participants in the political process at any level will create more competitive districts, which seems to be a normative "good thing" for everyone except incumbents.
So why not just ask the computer to draw districts that have the same number of people and are as square-like as possible?
That would make the only criteria 'compactness'. It ignores geographic cohesion, similar interests, and historic voting districts, and doesn't necessarily make the voting districs any more competitive.
The point of having an independent comission is that the parties don't get representation. They just get to watch. The independent comissions provide transparency which is arguable more important to effective self-government than competitive districts.
The British (and many other countries) use variations on the independent comission that have weighted requirements (historical voting districts are near the top in most) but almost none consider 'competitivness' as we would think of it as a desirable outcome. The general goal is to make sure that the people living in the district will have an opportunity to pick a candidate who can honestly represent them.
Most of us wouldn't want to live in a competitive district because 50% of the time the person representing us would be from the other side.
If you really want to geek out on criteria for delimitation you can go to http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/bd/bd.htm and if you remind me in 90 days there will be another major resource available.
-WDC
To some extent, going only with a standard of compactness (which I'm not arguing for, only suggesting analysis of) strips away all predictive factors and creates more unpredictable outcomes, which would encourage participation, as would living in a district where one your congressman is from the other party, but you have a chance to unseat him.
Is competitiveness a value in itself? Aside from the value of engaging the citizenry in tight races, probably not. However, look at the alternative - an ossified political class that has a primary goal of pleasing the party bosses who assign committee chairmanships and the campaign contributors who fund junkets, not voters.
I don't agree that unpredictability would encourage more people to come out. If all of America were competitive you wouldn't get the comparatively high partisan spending in competitive areas that we saw in the last election and I would imagine that turnout would not be so strikingly different between competitive and non-competitive areas.
You are however right that hating the opponent improves turnout (and provides work to people monitoring electoral violence). With extremely close elections most parties choose to excite their most fervent supporters and guarantee a known level of support. From there they may try to make inroads into the mainstream but it's not the easy way. Highly competitive districts might improve turnout but it could come at the cost of political dialogues (like we see now) and would certainly mean that half the country was unfairly represented at all times.
The political class is so successful at gerrymandering and machine building in large part because we don't know what's going on. When a delimitation proposal comes out it shows up fully fledged with beak and beady eyes. By contrast some countries have chosen to make the entire process open to ongoing input from the time they first collate the maps to the last line in permanent marker. Once the draft plan is complete partisans and the public have a period of complaint (almost always used to full effect) before the delimitation body considers the complaints and chooses what if anything to re-draw. Since many of these bodies do not include partisan representatives they are able to make very transparent decisions. This is the distinction between actual independent bodies and the bi-partisan gerrymandering referred to by the editorial writer. When the partisans don’t have a vote there is no space for back-room deals.
This transparency can contribute to a more open political environment with less acceptance of party machines who have total control over their members. If you can't guarantee that you member is going to be re-elected he is unlikely to be as easy to push around or to accept gross abuse at higher ranks. This power over districts has been the biggest stick and carrot of the American political parties over the last few hundred years. If your goal is to end party corruption, this is a relatively obvious (if nearly impossible) place to start.
-WDC
Can you guess what I'm working on these days? Or rather what I should be working on...
There's a lot of great (or at least better) ways to handle divvying up our voter districts but we've been doing it this way for so long it's hard to imagine it changing.
I'm excited to see how California turns out. It's not a great proposal as it stands but it opens the way to real reform down the road. However the phrase 'down the road' never won an election.
-WDC
Well, I suppose that you have to ask the question of which situation causes more of the nastier, undesirable political ferment and which provides the desirable, civic engagement kind.
1) 30 % of voters never win for decades on end; or
2) 50 % of voters lose for one or two terms, then win again.
In which would the base matter more and in which would it be important to only make sure the die-hards are happy?
As for the California plan, it's awful for purely political reasons, namely that it's unilateral disarmament unless multiple skewed-red states that add up to California's size do the same.
It's common knowledge why Schwarzenegger would is doing this in his blue state and Tom DeLay is going in the exact opposite direction with his red state. Hint: they are both partisan Republicans.
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